The Legal Ground You’re Standing On
Virginia MCA law: the three facts that shape every option
Every resolution strategy — renegotiation, settlement, defense, refinancing — plays out differently depending on these three pieces of Virginia law. A firm that can’t speak to them isn’t the best firm for a Virginia file.
1Usury limits & the recharacterization question
Virginia's general usury cap is 12% (Va. Code § 6.2-303(A)), but its reach in the MCA context is narrow: under § 6.2-317, no borrower may raise usury as a defense to a loan of $5,000 or more made for business purposes, and § 6.2-303(C) permits any agreed rate where usury cannot be pleaded. Virginia also has no commercial criminal usury statute comparable to New York's or New Jersey's. So even where a Virginia court recharacterized an MCA as a loan, the usury remedy would usually be unavailable — a Virginia merchant's real leverage comes from the 2022 Sales-Based Financing Providers Act (registration, disclosure, mandatory Virginia venue, COJ ban) rather than rate caps.
Sources: Va. Code § 6.2-303 (12% cap and exceptions) · Va. Code § 6.2-317 (no usury defense, business loans of $5,000+)
2Confessions of judgment in Virginia
Banned in MCA contracts since 2022 Va. Code § 6.2-2234(C) provides that no sales-based financing contract shall contain a confession-of-judgment provision "or any similar provision," and any such provision is unenforceable. The same section requires suits under sales-based financing contracts to be brought in Virginia — out-of-state venue clauses are unenforceable — and restricts arbitration terms. Virginia otherwise still permits confessed judgments in general commercial practice, so the protection is specific to MCA-covered contracts: if your agreement post-dates July 1, 2022, both the COJ clause and the New York forum clause in it are likely dead letters.
Sources: Va. Code § 6.2-2234 (COJ ban; mandatory Virginia venue) · Mayer Brown — Virginia MCA registration and disclosure law (2022)
3Virginia Sales-Based Financing Providers Act: what funders must tell you
Virginia's 2022 law (HB 1027; Va. Code §§ 6.2-2228–6.2-2238) is the most complete state MCA regime in the country: providers must give disclosures with any specific offer (financing amount, disbursement amount, finance charge, total repayment amount, estimated payments, fees, prepayment terms, collateral, broker compensation) for contracts on or after July 1, 2022 — and both providers and brokers must register with the State Corporation Commission annually. Exemptions cover financial institutions, transactions over $500,000, and low-volume providers. Implementing regulations (10VAC5-240) prescribe a standardized disclosure form, and § 6.2-2238 gives the Attorney General enforcement authority. Before signing or restructuring, a Virginia merchant can check whether the funder is even registered.
Sources: Va. Code Title 6.2, Chapter 22.1 (full act) · 10VAC5-240 — implementing regulations (SCC) · Mayer Brown — HB 1027 summary (dates, disclosures, exemptions)
How funders actually enforce here: For MCA contracts covered by the 2022 act, Va. Code § 6.2-2234 requires suits to be brought in Virginia and voids out-of-state forum clauses and confessions of judgment — curbing the classic pattern of fast New York judgments. Funders holding judgments from other states can still domesticate them under Va. Code § 8.01-465.2 by filing with any circuit court clerk, after which garnishment and liens follow ordinary Virginia procedure. Funders also perfect blanket UCC-1 liens, filed and searchable through the SCC Clerk's Information System. Va. Code § 6.2-2234 (Virginia venue; COJ ban) · Va. Code § 8.01-465.2 (foreign judgment filing) · Virginia SCC — UCC filings and search